Rome as the capital of the Roman Empire
from Roman Republic to Late Antiquity
After the end of the Etruscan domination, Rome became a republic with a senate and consuls. In the 4 . and the 5th century, Rome had to continue against Etruscans, Celts and Latins put up resistance. The Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum became the father as a victory monument for the 499 victorious battle against the Latins. Since the new government, however, based solely on the power of the patrician nobility, demanded the people, the plebeians, more say. After long disputes and the threat of secession bowed to the pressure of the patrician Populus, which the Roman commonwealth grew together. 450 were the rights of the plebeians in the so-called twelve-plate laws arrested and placed in the Roman Forum. The Roman Forum itself was created by the draining of a valley situated between four districts, and became the first center of monumental architecture. This arose from the early second century, the first basilica. Outside of the actual Urban area was the Capitol, which was the importance of the Acropolis, also the Aventine, which was awarded the plebeians 454th The upcoming Rome was ruled by consuls, praetors Quaestors censors and aediles. Rome's wealth was mainly due to agriculture, as trade and industry at that time were little developed. With the construction of Temple of Saturn and Claudius Aqueduct, the first monumental buildings created in the city. Under a written tradition (Varro) the size of the city with four districts and a city wall is known. With an area of 285 ha Rome was already the largest city of the peninsula. With the end of the stands was fighting a Elite, the nobility established.
At the start of the fourth century, the city wall was built. In this area referred Pomerium no military power could be exercised, including the construction of temples for other gods was banned. This wall closed the Mars field is initially not one, but only the seven hills.
parallel to the consolidation and development inside Rome enlarged his territory and conquered cities in the Etruscan area. In the year 396 was located just outside Rome's Etruscan city of Veii, to be conquered after ten years of siege.
The invasion of Gaul (387) brought the rise of Rome to a standstill. Only the Capitoline Hill was saved from destruction by the Gauls. The reconstruction of the city, named after Servius Tullis city wall was built immediately after the destruction in the same structure again (377) and completed by mid-century should last for decades. For rebuilt Rome include provision Aventine and the Capitol, and part of the north of the Quirinal plateaus.
was an area of 426 ha is now larger than Athens and Rome became increasingly the character of a city. 329 was in the valley between Aventine and Palatine with the construction of the Circus Maximus started. The first was built under Claudius aqueduct (Aqua Appia) from the year 312 to the supply the higher-lying neighborhoods. On the previously reserved for the military area of the Field of Mars (Campus Martius), the first buildings were built: the Circus Flaminius (221), the portico Metelli (149) and the Theatrum Pompei (50). The Forum was expanded with the basilica and surrounded now, citizens had no longer pursue their business outdoors. The first basilica, Portia was built in 184, with the exception of Emilia (179) is today but none of these survived. On Capitol Hill and in the rest of the urban area, many temples were built, the bank of the Tiber below the Aventine Hill was converted into the Emporium (marketplace). The construction of the Via Appia (312) Rome under Claudius Caecus could expand again, the System was radiating from Rome outgoing roads. One such road, the ancient Via Flaminia is still readable in the Via del Corso. The public buildings and places of the city were now increasingly decorated with bronze statues, artists made the colossal statues of Hercules and Jupiter on the Capitol.
are still the foundations of the temple group at the forum and get on Holitorium Forum Boarium. The Forum Boarium was in the intersection of a major urban axis, then led a trade route to the south. The intersection with the marketplace Boarium Forum and the Roman Forum with Palatine Hill and Capitol Hill as a political center was thus established.
After conquering the Etruscans and the Greek possessions in the year 272, Rome was the dominant force on the peninsula and was able to devote to the expansion in the Mediterranean. The expansion into Gaul and Hispania out very soon on the conflict with Carthage, the first two resulting Punic Wars (264-241 and 214-201) Rome brought to the brink of ruin. The Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the Alps and invaded Iberia from coming to Italy before now. After the victorious Battle of Lake Trasimeno for Carthage threatened a direct attack on Hannibal's Rome, but failed to. In the Battle of Cannae (216) the Romans were defeated, it was on Italian soil virtually no Roman army more, but Hannibal attacked Rome again not directly, though it would be to take the city managed to secure. This was probably the crucial mistake, which ultimately left Carthage disappear from the map. The third Punic War (149-146) led to the victory of Rome over Carthage, which was rising in the province of Africa. With 272 of Taranto
fell last opponent of Rome and southern Italy. Rome secured from his rule from 225 through 700 000 infantrymen and 70,000 horsemen.
were even more significant than the conquests in the West, however, the victorious Illyrian War (229-219) which Rome with the material and cultural wealth of the Hellenic civilization brought into contact. The expansion to the east has had a tremendous impact on the development Rome and leads to a Hellenization of the agrarian-oriented city-state. Literature and theater came under Greek instructions to a first peak.
The huge booty allowed for intensive economic activity, the port of Ostia was built, the road network improved, the first markets emerged and flourished in the overseas trade.
The last two centuries of Republic for the city of enormous economic, social and urban significance. As a result of strong immigration created the so-called insulae, residential district with multi-storey blocks of flats. Roman Forum, Forum Boarium Capitol Campus and at many public buildings were, in all temples enriched. To supply the growing city magazines as well as a port city were built. Parallel has been a growing houses (Domus) of wealthy citizens, which were complemented by Hellenic model, with a peristyle and equipped with wall paintings, statues, gilded moldings, and marble and mosaic floors were. The living quarters of the aristocracy were on the Capitol and at the south end of the forum. Villas and gardens (including gardens of Maecenas on the Esquillin) shaped the image of the city. The construction of aqueducts and roads has been accelerated. Cato initiated the construction of an improved sewerage system, was developed as a port city of Ostia, goods were on the Tiber after Rome transported and sold in markets. The city began to expand beyond the old boundaries. Rome with its 100,000 inhabitants has developed into a commercial center of international standing.
Thanks to the conquests during these years went numerous coins and precious metals, mainly war booty and reparations to Rome. The bulk of this new wealth landed primarily at the senators and their related families. Result, the gap widened between rich and poor populations, which would counteract the Senate with the decision a wealth tax (Tributum) to introduce. The Romans did not materialize, to pay such a tax, thus were the citizens of Rome, free, unlike the citizens of the province, from this tax.
Rome was now the largest city in the Western world and with the increase of wealth and new construction projects were increasingly monumental proportions. Over the years, formed out an independent Roman architecture, which combined with Etruscan Hellenistic models. The Hellenic influence manifested itself in the preference of Colonnade and the Basilica, which is now in place of the stalls at the edge of the forum came, they served as markets, courtrooms and meeting rooms. The first building of this type, the Basilica Porcia (184) was to build the Cato despite his rejection of everything Greek left. Soon arose in Rome basilica further in a similar style. Later, in the first century basilica emerged with round arches, which took the place of the early basilica typical architraves. There were already at the Etruscans and Greeks arches, but only in Rome, they became a characteristic element. Finally, developed the arch, was replaced by arcades and buildings, for free-standing, built as a monument monumental archway and is a purely Roman creation considered. The first two triumphal arches erected to celebrate the victory of Roman troops in Spain in 196th The development in the construction of arches, arcades, vaults and apses enabled the establishment until the invention of the mortar and left to enter the architecture in a new stage. The use of mortar can be detected in the 193 portico built Aemilia, certain is that several decades later, mortar used in larger quantities wurde.Den Greeks was already a century earlier announced a consisting of lime, water and sand wall supply, but The Romans first used it on a larger scale, after the discovery that the ground was a perfectly appropriate for this purpose, powdered mixture of volcanic ash and clay. This was called "puzzolana" (after the place Puteoli near Naples). If you mix pure lime in a lime kiln with pozzolan, was obtained from the molten mass of a durable and solid mortar. This mixture was poured over a mass of crushed brick or broken pumice, where the ingredients were accurately weighted to each other. The result was a hard, compact, nearly indestructible material which was equal to all charges, not dissolved in water and wall joints extended. This wall mass was usually covered with marble or other stone.
Before the Romans possessed such means, had much more careful arcs are executed. SO 144 was the first aqueduct, the Aqua Marcia with wide sweeping bends, which the city is a 45 kilometers from source supplied. The aqueduct itself was already lined with mortar, but only in the construction of later aqueducts, the material was also used for the arches. The Aqua Marcia was an example of the strong sense of the Romans for lasting and useful facilities. So the roads were built in the city and paved with hard lava rocks from the Alban hills. In place of the wooden bridge over the Tiber was the Aemlilianische 179 bridge, which rested on two stone pillars.
The growing population lived mostly in the cobbled together, unlit wooden houses without heating, cooking facilities or water supply. These lightweight structures have often been a prey the flames or the Tiber River flood. The water supply was primarily intended to supply the public and not for the operation of private houses. The houses of prosperous citizens were facing the street, unadorned and disconnected as shops serving openings. The interiors were grouped around an atrium. The basic idea of this is probably Etruscan origin.
In the Roman architecture is often thought of in systems, which in urban planning and especially the platform design is clear. The commercial buildings, especially the aqueduct, but also the construction of baths and amphitheatres in Rome had a higher priority than in Greece.
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